Tom Ford Men S Cologne Metallique

Metallique opens with a mixture of crisp vert de bergamote and pink peppercorn creating an unforgettable first impression. Metallique's floral coronary heart is amplified with delicate white blossoms of aubepine and with the nectar of heliotrope. The addictive end comes from the gentle scent of vanilla and creamy sandalwood layer. An aura of ambrette seed imparts heat with woody inflections of peru balsam. The gentle scent of vanilla and creamy sandalwood layer an addictive, contrasting end that additional drives the metallic suiting of the open. The gentle scent of vanilla and creamy sandalwood layer an addictive, contrasting end that additional drives the metallic opening of Métallique.

This addictive floral perfume reverberates with a core of white flowers, whilst lighter-than-air aldehydes open the scent like a second skin. An aura of ambrette seed imparts heat with woody inflections of Peru balsam. Forged with elegant brilliance, tom ford metallique mesmerizes its admirers with a pulsating flash of modern, resolute femininity, wilful, luminous and in full bloom. A high-shine Armor of addictive aldehydes envelop its reverberating core of sensuous white flowers, like a metallic venue in fleurs. The addictive aldehyde begin envelopes a way extra sensual core of delicately layered white flowers, making a distinction that shifts from cool to lush. Aubepine, an ancestor of the rose that is extra complicated and piquant, blends with candy muguet and intoxicating nectar of heliotrope that is equally gentle and powdery and powerfully rich.

The closing notes convey a layer of heat — which is right for a scent that'll take you into crisp fall — as a result of ambrette seed, balsam, vanilla, and creamy sandalwood. It's a end that brings a comforting outcome to the bold, metallic begin of this multi-toned fragrance. PerfumeOnline.ca is a Canadian's #1 place to purchase lower rate perfumes online. By shopping for your subsequent bottle of fragrance on-line with us, it can save you as much as 70% off of retail prices, one yr a year. Tom Ford's latest fragrance is present day femininity in fragrance form.

It combines a bold, armor-like begin with notes of vert de bergamote and pink peppercorn and a white floral middle that is intoxicating and sultry. The end is a warm, woodsy aroma due to ambrette seed, vanilla, and creamy sandalwood. Forged with elegant brilliance, TOM FORD MeTALLIQUE mesmerizes its admirers with a pulsating flash of modern, resolute femininity - willful, luminous and in full bloom.

A high-shine armor of addictive aldehydes envelop its reverberating core of sensuous white flowers, like a metallic Venus in fleurs. Forged with elegant brilliance, TOM FORD METALLIQUE mesmerizes its admirers with a pulsating flash of modern, resolute femininity willful, luminous and in full bloom. Forged with elegant brilliance, TOM FORD METALLIQUE mesmerizes its admirers with a pulsating flash of modern, resolute femininity, willful, luminous and in full bloom. Crisp pink peppercorn and bergamot notes which are complimented by sensuous white flowers and woody notes layered with creamy sandalwood that makes this a chic unisex fragrance. Métallique is grossly underrated within the Tom Ford lineup, above all as a scent for men. It blends floral notes with crisp bergamot, spicy pink peppercorn, and a strong, creamy vanilla-sandalwood base.

It's one among several brand's extra "classic" scents when it comes to its wear, with a universally pleasing forged . I suppose that folks count on all Tom Ford fragrances to scream and shout, whereas this one performs by the principles and earns most excellent marks for it. Métallique, personified by mannequin Joan Smalls within the marketing campaign video, celebrates the mesmerizing, daring qualities of femininity, and the willful energy that is distinct to the fashionable woman. It's like slipping right into a sophisticated, elegantly embroidered gown that evokes the type of confidence it is advisable to tackle the day.

Tom Ford is probably essentially the most celebrated American designers of his era. He launched the TOM FORD model in 2005 with a mission to re-define fashionable luxurious for the twenty first century. Comprising menswear and womenswear, accessories, eyewear and beauty, TOM FORD is synonymous with sexy, timeless elegance, superior substances and workmanship, and excellent private service. The TOM FORD Beauty assortment is Tom Ford's wardrobe of luxurious cosmetics and extraordinary fragrances. It is designed to attain ravishing female glamour and impeccable masculine fashion whereas amplifying individuality.

This covetable assortment fuses state-of-the-art splendor innovation and artisanal-level craftsmanship with Tom Ford's singular imaginative and prescient of recent glamour... Fresh and spicy vanilla with an exceptionally delicate contact of purple flowers and that i feel a fruity observe which isn't listed. All this give a metallic vibe yo the fragrance because the identify indicates. Better for daytime use underneath not very heat temperatures... Powdery Hawthorn re-creates the powdery scent of historic cosmetics and fragrances, mixing flowers which might be not common, like hawthorn and heliotrope. Paired with heat vanilla, balm, and Aldehydes , this scent is energized with floral notes, including a stunning and metallic touch.

Powerful, Tom Ford's Métallique eau de parfum is constructed spherical a coronary heart of white hawthorn blossoms, enhanced with notes of pink pepper oil and ambrette seeds. The result's a perfume as bewitching because it really is heady, introduced in a trendy chrome bottle. Tom Ford Métallique, now out there on the luxe brand's web site for $150, marks a completely totally different form of eau de parfum for its in depth signature range. "This scent is extra special and female than loads of our fragrances," Tom Ford stated based on a report by Women's Wear Daily.

Tom Ford Men S Cologne Near Me Beneath its cool veneer, Métallique's floral coronary coronary heart is amplified by juxtaposing delicate white blossoms of aubepine and muguet with the narcotic-like nectar of heliotrope. A high-shine armour of addictive aldehydes envelop its reverberating core of sensuous white flowers, like a metallic Venus in fleurs. Tom Ford, the previous innovative director of Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent, launched his personal luxurious manufacturer in 2005, and the brand's flagship shop opened on Madison Avenue in 2007. Beneath its cool veneer, Métallique's floral coronary coronary heart is amplified by juxtaposing delicate white blossoms of aubepine and muguet with the narcotic-like nectar of heliotrope.

Beneath its cool veneer, Mtalliques floral coronary coronary heart is amplified by juxtaposing delicate white blossoms of aubepine and muguet with the narcotic-like nectar of heliotrope. Beneath its cool veneer, Metallique's floral coronary coronary heart is amplified by juxtaposing delicate white blossoms of aubepine and muguet with the narcotic-like nectar of heliotrope. We are a hugely rated employer and supply hassle-free returns. Orders might be returned as much as three days from the date you acquired the package deal for a full refund minus delivery price .

If you desire to to return a product out of your order, basically ship the unopened product again to the handle under in its unique sealed packaging. You can count on a well timed refund upon the return of the product. If delivery was free in your order it's going to likely be deducted from the credit score score we apply to your credit score score card. Please note, we don't settle for returns for testers .

There might be a restocking payment of as much as 30% if bottle shouldn't be returned in its unique packaging. Winscent.co is a web based fragrance store in designed to awaken your senses with our full-size assortment of genuine extraordinary fragrances, scents and perfumes and present sets. This is a very elegant fragrance with all of the appropriate elements for a sophisticated but mild olfactory experience.

It defies straightforward fragrance categorization with its type of notes which I get pleasure from simply because it challenges me in an exceptional way. The dry down is perfection with equal elements woodsy notes and vanilla. It is as contrasting as described, however it's carried out very artfully, as not one notice dominates over the remainder and the transitions between layers are completely smooth. The Tom Ford label has redefined luxurious in below ten years since its inception in 2006. Under his label, Tom Ford presents splendor products, menswear, eyewear, fragrances and accessories.

Being a dressmaker himself, Tom Ford additionally featured as among the best-dressed males within the record compiled by GQ magazine. Ford can additionally be a film director, his debut film as a director being A Single Man. This was a present for my spouse who's passionate about TF merchandise and typically does not discover any troubles with the products, however, this proved to be a rather completely different story. She was delighted, of course, with it, however upon my additional investigation it turned out that this wasn't as good as different TF scents she owns.

Unfortunately, even I located it to be not as thrilling as different perfumes. Don't get me wrong, It's highly nice smelling, however simply not as lengthy carrying or original . To be fair, I was influenced by the bottle and the name, nevertheless it isn't going to be a rebuy. The celebrity trend designer's eponymous selection includes luxurious cosmetics, high-performance skincare, elegant signature scents and male grooming products.

PerfumeLive.com is a specialty retailer, providing one hundred pc genuine fragrances, elegance merchandise and cosmetics at rates as much as 80% decrease than malls retail prices. Free delivery in US and buyer pleasant return policy. Created in 1995 by Francis Kurkdjian, this magnetic fragrance is housed in a male torso formed pleasing blue bottle. With the highest notes of refreshing mint and base notes heat vanilla, this fragrance is your splendid winter evening fragrance. Light Blue is a crisp and refreshing summer time eau de toilette for the lively girl on-the-go.

It has brilliant and enjoyable major notes of citrus and cedar. An elegant floral bouquet gives you a female touch. Contrary to my expectations, the perfume is quite warm, delicate and calm whenever you get by using the metallic opening. I honestly really feel it within the drydown as a solid gourmand for the colder days. It's surely not everybody's cup of tea, I see it extra on a lady however I do not care. In the night on the sofa I can do with out the blanket with this scent.

In my eyes fully exceptional - both you're keen on it or not, I suppose there's nothing in between. You have a whole bunch of fragrances to select from and better of all; they expense a fraction of the value of high-priced designer perfumes and colognes. Now you are able to afford to indulge your each fragrance fantasy from florals to fruits to spices to musks even unique blends and Designer Reproductions.

Our fragrance oils are richly fragrant oil headquartered fragrances that include no alcohol. They will final on you all day and will not evaporate promptly or dry the epidermis like many perfumes or colognes do. When applied, they permit the epidermis and fragrance to bond naturally together with your physique chemistry thereby making a extra pure scent that's uniquely yours. The latest signature scent, Costa Azzurra, is a transportive dream capturing the exhilarating, sensual aura of a Mediterranean getaway. Still is an Eau de Parfum for ladies by Jennifer Lopez.

It is a female fragrance that has floral notes, woody undertones and accords of tea and pepper. It is subtle, intense, sensual and clean, all on the identical time,... Launched in 2006, Burberry London for Women is a very lovely scent for unapologetically current and assured woman. The scent is light, ethereal and floral, with out being girly. Perfect for daytime wear, it really is pleasant, elegant and inoffensive. 360° for Women by Perry Ellis is an off-the-cuff and female fragrance that works brilliantly as equally a daytime workplace fragrance in addition to a weekend scent.

It has a shiny character outlined by citrus and floral blends for a sweet... CK Eternity Aqua is an eau de toilette for males by Calvin Klein. It is a contemporary masculine perfume with aquatic and green notes which might be faultless for a heat sunny day. It has contemporary citrusy notes with heat woody...

CK Obsession is an eau de toilette for males by Calvin Klein. It is considered one of their most well liked and basic fragrances. It is a singular perfume that has recent and citrusy notes with heat spicy and woody undertones, making... An addictive floral scent with a reverberating core of white flowers, like a metallic Venus in Fleurs. Base notes of ambrette seeds, Peru balsam, vanilla and sandalwood give a warm, contrasting layer, leading to a contemporary perfume of resolute femininity to mesmerise the senses.

Spritz on the Tom Ford Metallique Eau de Parfum to envelope the physique in an addictive fragrance. Housed in a chic silvery bottle with a gold-tone label and cap, the fragrance functions a gap of brilliant aldehydes that quickly reveals a sensuous aroma. Costa Azzurra sends you straight there, to the northern, deep-blue coasts of Italy.

It marries fresh, herbaceous and fragrant notes with crisp citrus and uplifting evergreens, for a summery sensation—and a Mediterranean one at that. It takes second place in my publication for the very most desirable potential signature scent of this list, after Oud Wood, and is a layup of a present for any extraordinary occasion. Then got here the spicy, smoky Ombré Leather – a deeply textural imprint that conjures the wild desert great thing about the American West.

You're nonetheless within the thick of your summer time time social calendar, with a lot extra pool events and yard barbecues to attend. But earlier than you understand it the seasons will inevitably begin to change. And as you dip into your transitional wardrobe, you will additionally need to modify up your perfume to one factor extra becoming for the shift from summer time time to fall. After all, an easy citrus-soaked scent only will not do for days that begin out scorching but flip to crisp, cool evenings after the solar sets.

#532 Inspired by Tom Ford Metallique is one factor of beauty. Sweet, gourmand perfume with aldehyde and a tiny little bit of a metallic notice on the top of the sniff. This will probably be a stand out perfume in your collection. Fragrance Outlet is without doubt among the nation's largest retailers of real designer fragrances and associated accessories. We additionally satisfaction ourselves on being the main authority on fragrances.

Our shops provide the widest number of designer fragrance and fragrances at probably the most economical prices. Launched in 1988, Jessica McClintock fragrance for ladies is a refreshing fragrance with contemporary citrus and green notes. The citrus cords are shaped by the highest notes that include lemon, bergamot, ylang-ylang, blackcurrant, basil, and cassia.

Davidoffês Cool Water for adult males is amongst the many all-time best-sellers relating to basic menês fragrances. Pierre Bourdon is the well-known identify behind this scent. It is a superb fragrance for nighttime and for spraying on leather-based (coats, jackets,...

Ed Hardy was launched by design home Christian Audigier in 2008. The scent has an fragrant perfume that's unique and wild however nonetheless stays feminine. It opens with playful leading notes which are fruity like Apple, Red Grapefruit, Strawberry... Romance is an Eau de Parfum for ladies by Ralph Lauren. It is a female perfume with intense floral notes and woody undertones with hints of citrus. It is an incredibly romantic, intimate and completely satisfied perfume that exudes constructive energy....

Which Nfl Stadiums Have Domes

On the afternoon of January 3, l962, seven armed men in cowboy hats met on the outskirts of Houston. The site was dismal, known for damp summers and mosquitoes the size of turkey buzzards. At the appointed hour, the men took their Colt .45s, fired them into the earth and thus broke ground for a stadium to house the city's new baseball franchise, a team then known as the Colt .45s and now called the Astros. The men were also breaking ground-or so many Houstonians were ready to argue-for a new millennium in American sports. The building they were about to put up was no mere ballpark but an indoor sports theater, a palace even, with upholstered seats, air-conditioning and a Louis XIV bedroom in a VIP suite, all under a steel dome spanning 642 feet. "This is going to be the sports showplace of the nation," said Judge Roy Hofheinz, president of the Houston Sports Association.

Which Stadiums Have Domes But Hofheinz spoke wisely when he said other cities would follow. Since the Astrodome opened in 1965, 15 enclosed stadiums have gone up under roofs of steel, wood or, most often, fabric. The newest dome, in St. Petersburg, Florida, is due for completion in 1989-a grand gesture of civic optimism, since there is no guarantee that a professional baseball or football team will start up there anytime soon. In contrast to college football stadiums, the largest of which can and regularly do accommodate over 100,000 spectators, no stadium in the league currently has a listed seating capacity of more than 82,500. In the opposite direction, the league has a firm minimum on the number of seats an NFL stadium should have; since 1971 the league has not allowed any stadium under 50,000 seats to host a full-time NFL team.

What really got the dome boom going was an outlandish entry in the architectural competition for the U.S. exhibition hall at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. Davis-Brody, a New York firm, designed a sort of pumpkin on top of an inverted pyramid, together 30 stories high. The pumpkin was to be built of fabric and held up by air, a type of structure that until then had been used to house only tennis courts and military radar installations. The architects scouted around for an engineer who could flesh out the design concept and they wound up with David Geiger, then a young adjunct professor at Columbia University.

The design won, but Geiger found himself stuck with a site that was prone to earthquakes and 150 mile-an-hour typhoons. In desperation, the design team took a vertical cross section of the pumpkin and laid it flat on the ground, preserving the blocky, superelliptical outline-and very little else-from the original plan. It consisted of an earthen berm topped by a concrete ring and enclosed two and a half acres under a vast fabric lid. But it set the pattern for most of the domed stadiums built since then. A system of fans held up the fabric roof by boosting air pressure inside. A web of cables thrown over the top secured the fabric and divided it into pillowy sections.

Figuring out the cable pattern was the hardest thing, even with the help of an advanced computer. Geiger found that a standard grid, with cables crossing at right angles, caused the roof to sag at the perimeter. But one Saturday, in a moment of inspiration, he realized he could eliminate the problem by running the cables diagonally. This "skewed symmetry" still characterizes almost all such roofs. The Saints are the only team to have won a Super Bowl at home, a domed stadium. Miami's Hard Rock Stadium hosted the championship game, and the Colts' home games were played in a retractable roof stadium.

A dome also requires turf, and there's a big debate between the effects of natural grass and artificial turf. There were no domed stadiums until 1962, a few NFL stadiums predate it, so requiring every team to use a dome is unrealistic. The Big Ten continues its attempts to string together plans for a potential winter football season, and a part of those plans could be playing inside domed stadiums. Conventional open stadiums gravitate to the outskirts of the city, where land is cheaper and there is ample room for parking.

With only 15 or 20 major events at a football stadium or 81 games at a baseball stadium, it's hard to justify paying downtown real estate prices. But with a lid, Geiger says, an ordinary stadium becomes "an entertainment machine" capable of accommodating 250 events a year and, when it is located at the center of the city, hotels and restaurants tend to spring up around it. In its first ten years, the Superdome's boosters claim, it had a $2.678 billion economic impact on the community. Out of 225 regular-season and playoff games in the four stadiums, 149 have been played with the roof closed and 76 with it open.

Pricing is also a factor when it comes to building domed stadiums. The added price of an extra roof often inflates the budget of a stadium. Any city or financier of a stadium would not want extra tens or hundreds of millions added to their stadium project because of an "unnecessary" component. There's plenty to debate within the NFL's various playing surfaces, and there are also plenty of complaints to go around. The trend is toward artificial turf, as several stadiums have replaced natural grass with artificial turf in recent years.

Facilities managers say artificial grass provides a more consistently reliable surface than natural grass fields. However a majority of NFL stadiums now use artificial turf, a big vote of confidence in commercial artificial grass. If it's good enough for millionaire athletes, chances are that it's also good enough for your home or business lawn.

NFL teams with retractable roofs say weather conditions and fan comfort are the driving factors in their open-or-closed choices. The decision can be easy on days of heavy rain or extreme temperature, but controversial in some other conditions, such as days when direct sun makes certain seats uncomfortable. And non-meteorological factors also are believed to influence the decision at times, such as a team's desire for louder crowd noise in a closed stadium or a coach's (or quarterback's) preference for controlled conditions. Million to a domed stadium project, and it typically costs a few thousand dollars to open and close the structures each time, said Mark Waggoner, a structural engineer who has had a hand in several pro sports stadiums.

Going into the 2016 season, 24 out of 32 teams will only be able to play their home games outdoor. The Cardinals, Colts, Cowboys, and Texans play in those stadiums. In the future, more franchises may opt to break ground on domed and retractable-roof venues, but the data indicates it isn't in their best interest, unless every team is on an equal playing field. Until then, the teams with open-field stadiums appear best suited to march on to victory, especially when the games count the most. Or rather, what they have on their drawing boards are buildingscalled domes.

In classical architecture, as with St. Paul's Cathedral in London, a dome wasn't a dome unless it had a roughly hemispherical shape. But that ceased to be true with the Astrodome's first imitator, the Idaho State University Minidome, a stadium in Pocatello shaped like a Quonset hut (students called it the "half-Astrodome"). The word "dome" has since come to describe any place big enough to accommodate baseball or football-but with a lid. In some of the latest schemes, the lids resemble circus tents, saddles, ridged potato chips. These domes have been labeled modern-day cathedrals, civic icons, the symbols by which cities declare their status as world-class players.

They have changed not just the architecture but also the economics of urban life. They have certainly reshaped American sports-notably at the last World Series, in which, some people asserted, the Minneapolis Metrodome should have been named the Most Valuable Player. When Pope John Paul II visited New Orleans last year, 55,564 people heard him speak at the Superdome . And when the Republicans nominate a Presidential candidate at the Superdome this summer, theirs will be the first, but surely not the last, dome convention. After a little more than a quarter-century, we are knee-deep in what one sports trade journal terms the "dome age." The one key element that can change from stadium to stadium is the playing surface.

There is no set rule for real grass versus turf, so it is up to each stadium to decide. The four NFL teams with retractable-roof stadiums have chosen to play almost twice as many games with the roofs closed than with them open. That lone statistic raises the question of whether the convertible tops, such as the one planned for a new Atlanta stadium to be partially funded with public dollars, are worth the increased cost over a fixed dome. We've had season tickets for the Texans at Reliant Stadium for the past few years and when the roof is closed the place feels great.

The atmosphere is insane inside domed stadiums, and maybe it's because i've actually never seen a professional event in an outdoor stadium, . They do a great job of regulating the temperature and it really does amplify the noise making the game that much more enjoyable. Strangely enough, those are the only times the Super Bowl has ventured north.

The NFL prefers holding the game in Southern warm-weather cities, and it's no coincidence that three of the four cities above have domed stadiums. The 2014 game at MetLife was the only time a Super Bowl was held outdoors in a cold environment. That they keep having to pull out seats says all you need to know.

(It's sort of like how New Comiskey missed the retro trend started by Camden Yards). Deflations, while bad, aren't usually all that bad because the roof will hang up over the spectator area even when bellied down. But when the Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan, deflated under heavy snow in March 1985, the fabric tore on some lighting framework and high winds whipped it like a sheet on a clothesline.

A weather radar system now watches over the new roof, whlch cost $10 miIlion. At the Metrodome in Minneapolis, a 1986 incident led to a partial evacuation during a Twins game attended by 32,000 people. When wind shear hit one side of the roof, the control system registered it as a surge in the building's air pressure and, instead of tautening the roof against the wind, automatically began dumping air to compensate. The 10,000-pound light banks and the ceiling-hung speakers started to sway, and plugs in the roof popped, pouring water down the third-base line.

Spectators on the upper decks had to evacuate, using revolving doors to avoid further loss of pressure. But such incidents are one reason why engineers have developed new ways to put up domes. In 2010, the first bowl game was played in this stadium and became the third-highest attendant game of all Cotton Bowl games.

AT&T also holds a record for arranging 101,763 seats for fans in professional wrestling of 2016. Kirby Lee-USA TODAY SportsRANKING NFL STADIUMS TOP-FIVE Built for $1.9 billion, one would certainly hope Allegiant Stadium delivered a tremendous fan experience. Even before people walked in for NFL games, the place drew glowing reviews for concerts. Fans experienced major traffic problems getting to the stadium, located in Paradise, but it's worth it once you step inside.

With 65,000 seats, the Wynn Field Club and an array of restaurants (BBQ Mexicana, Guy Fieri's Tailgate Kitchen and Bar, Pizza Rock) and so much more, Allegiant Stadium needs to be on bucket lists. Santa Clara, California, USA; Pregame festivities before the San Francisco 49ers play against the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Divisional Round playoff football game at Levi's Stadium. Kirby Lee-USA TODAY SportsIt's inexcusable that a stadium that opened just a few years ago is this mediocre. Of course, it doesn't help that they built it in Santa Clara to make the travel experience worse for fans. Did we mention that they spent over $1 billion on this place and failed to protect fans from the glaring sun? If you can look past the inconvenient location, the sun in your eyes and the costly tickets, everything else is really nice.

Thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, many NFL stadiums prevented fans from attending games early in the regular season. As the year unfolded, with the NFL losing billions of dollars in stadium revenue, teams started welcoming a smaller number of fans back into their buildings. "The football games have probably the least to do with that decision," Waggoner said. If a municipality wants the stadium for use in concerts, rodeos or other year-round events, a closed building is the way to go. Purists who see football as an outdoor game may be mollified by the open-stadium option of a retractable roof. For the players, this could also be seen as the perfect place to play a game.

No wind that disrupts the passing while the quarterback attempts a game-winning touchdown. No worrying about the possibility of fumbling the balls due to rain making it wet. Players also no longer wonder when playing in certain cities, if they will have to deal with a blizzard.

A domed stadium allows for the perfect playing conditions for teams, putting everyone in a great place to play. Four teams have closed roofs, including the Detroit Lions, Las Vegas Raiders, New Orleans Saints, and Minnesota Vikings. Five have retractable roofs that can be opened or closed, including the Minnesota Vikings. NFL stadiums are an icon that have become a piece of the glorious culture and sport we call football.

As we look back into the pages of time, most of the oldest NFL playing turfs were not even stadiums at all. In fact, many of the oldest stadiums that are still used by NFL teams back in the original years were fields that would pale in comparison to some of the most elaborate home fields today. For the St. Petersburg stadium, Geiger has veered off in an entirely different direction. It will have a nonretractable fabric roof held up by cables rather than by air.

He says he was inspired this time by the economics of litigation. "Bucky fell in love with triangles," says Geiger, now 52, with wavy, disheveled gray hair and wearing tortoise-shell bifocals. "He made his fame with the geodesic dome, which was essentially triangulating the surface of the sphere." But Fuller also had another concept, the "tensegrity" dome, which never got off the drawing board.

His geodesic domes were built of rigid structural elements under compression; the tensegrity dome would depend largely on structural elements under tension. Geiger developed a modified tensegrity configuration for St. Petersburg's dome. All the cables pass through a single point at the center of the roof. These cables are supported at intervals by vertical posts, which in turn stand in midair on a system of four concentric cable hoops. Other cables, running diagonally, hold posts and hoops in place, under tension. The roof will weigh two to four pounds per square foot, versus one pound for an air-supported roof and 30 to 40 pounds for a steel roof, and it is designed to stand up to weather without special care.

On the other hand, even ordinary domed stadiums can blow $10,000 a day on heat when they wheel in steel grandstands from a cold warehouse. "It's like putting a big ice cube in your bathtub," says Bob Haney, the operations director at the Silverdome. Luckily, the University of Southern California Trojans played their home games there.

A LawnStarter review of turf at the NFL's 31 stadiums shows that 17 are equipped with artificial turf and 14 with natural grass. In all, 32 teams compete in the NFL; the New York Giants and New York Jets share a stadium. For some players, it doesn't matter whether they're competing on artificial turf or natural grass. Now, however, it seems like NFL teams have more money than they know what to do with. And, with many teams recently switching cities, a few more new builds are in the works. The new Inglewood stadium being built for the Rams and Chargers will have a retractable roof.

A Super Bowl was awarded to Kansas City, but only conditionally, and when they were unable to raise all of the funds for the renovations to the would be venue, the Super Bowl was moved to another area. A similar carrot was dangled for the New York Jets, and retracted when the city and state could not agree on the funding for a retractable roof stadium. 10 "fixed" or "retractable" roof stadiums are in use within the NFL.